Ir para o menu de navegação principal Ir para o conteúdo principal Ir para o rodapé
##common.pageHeaderLogo.altText##

Artigos

v. 4 n. 1 (2017): Revista de Estudos Empíricos em Direito

Institutional change through interstitial emergence: the Growth of Alternative Dispute Resolution in U.S. Law, 1970-2000

DOI
https://doi.org/10.19092/reed.v4i1.198
Enviado
fevereiro 14, 2017
Publicado
2017-02-14

Resumo

How can be explained the dramatic changes in the growth of informal dispute resolution as “alternatives” to adjudication between 1970-2000?  This article gives an answer to this question by using the historical case of U.S. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the last third of the 20th century to ground empirically a theory of interstitial emergence.  By focusing on interstitial emergence, the article demonstrates how informal interaction across multiple organizational fields can provide cultural accounts for new formal structures. The analysis furthers the integration between institutional analysis in organizational and legal sociology, but does so by borrowing conceptual leads from social movement theory to elaborate and develop a framework for understanding institutional innovation and change.  In doing so, it draws specific attention to issues of agency and emergent signification. The remainder of the article contains sections that narratively illustrate interstitial emergence and its dimensions using evidence from the U.S. ADR case. The conclusion extends the argument beyond ADR to consider alternative developments in the U.S. medical field and implications for institutional analysis, more generally.

Referências

  1. Aakster, C. W. 1986. “Concepts in Alternative Medicine.” Social Science and Medicine 22: 65-273.
  2. Abbot, Andrew. 1988. The System of the Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  3. Abel, Richard L. 1982. “The Contradictions of Informal Justice.” Pp. 267-320 in The Politics of Informal Justice, Volume 1: The American Experience, edited by Richard L. Abel. NY: Academic Press.
  4. Albiston, Catherine R, Lauren B. Edelman, and Joy Milligan. 2014. “The Dispute Tree and the Legal Forest.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10: 105-131.
  5. Alinsky, Saul. 1971. Rules for Radicals. NY: Random House.
  6. Auerbach, Jerold S. 1983. Justice Without Law? Resolving Disputes Without Lawyers. NY: Oxford University Press.
  7. Avruch, Kevin. 1991. “Introduction: Culture and Conflict Resolution.” Pp. 1-18 in Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca. NY: Greenwood Press.
  8. Baer, Hans A. 1995. “Medical Pluralism in the United States: A Review.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 9: 493-502.
  9. Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. NY: Free Press.
  10. Benford, Robert D. 1993. “Frame Disputes within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement.” Social Forces 71: 677-701.
  11. Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 611-639.
  12. Binder, Amy J. 2007. “For Love and Money: Organizations’ Creative Responses to Multiple Environmental Logics.” Theory and Society 36: 547-571.
  13. Black, Donald and M. P. Baumgartner. 1983. “Toward a Theory of the Third Party.” Pp. 84-114 in Empirical Theories About Courts, edited by Keith O. Boyum and Lynn Mather. NY: Longman.
  14. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1981. “Men and Machines.” Pp. 304-318 in Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, edited by Karin Knorr-Cetina and Aaron Cicourel. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  15. Brint, Steven J. and Jerome Karabel. 1991. “Institutional Origins and Transformations: The Case of American Community Colleges.” Pp. 337-360 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  16. Buckle, Leonard G. and Suzann R. Thomas-Buckle. 1982. “Doing Unto Others: Dispute and Dispute Processing in an Urban American Neighborhood.” Pp. 78-90 in Neighborhood Justice: Assessment of an Emerging Idea, edited by Roman Tomasic and Malcolm M. Feeley. NY: Longman.
  17. Burger, Warren E. 1984. “Annual Message on the Administration of Justice.” Mid-year Meeting of the American Bar Association.
  18. Burstein, Harold J., Shari Gelber, Edward Guadagnoli, and Jane C. Weeks. 1999. “Use of Alternative Medicine by Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer.” New England Journal
  19. of Medicine 340: 1733-1739
  20. Clemens, Elisabeth. 1996. “Organizational Form as Frame: Collective Identity and Political Strategy in the American Labor Movement, 1880-1920.” Pp. 205-226 in Comparative Perspectives on Social movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  21. -----. 1997. The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  22. -----. 2005. “Two Kinds of Stuff: The Current Encounter of social Movements and Organizations.” Pp. 351-366 in Social Movements and Organization Theory, edited by Gerald F. Davis, Doug McAdam, W. Richard Scott, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  23. Cohen, Michael D., James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen. 1972. “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice.” Administrative Science Quarterly 17: 1-25.
  24. Coogler, O. J. 1978. Structured Mediation in Divorce Settlement: A Handbook for Marital Mediators. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  25. Cooter, Roger. 1988. “Introduction: The Alternations of Past and Present.” Pp. x-xx in Studies in the History of Alternative Medicine, edited by Roger Cooter. London: MacMillan Press.
  26. Danzig, Richard. 1974. “Towards the Creation of a Complimentary, Decentralized System of Criminal Justice.” Stanford Law Review 26: 1-54.
  27. Danzig, Richard and Michael J. Lowy. 1975. “Everyday Disputes and Mediation in the U.S.: A Reply to Professor Felstiner.” Law & Society Review 9 675-694.
  28. Dezalay, Yves and Bryant Garth. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Internationalization of Legal Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  29. DiMaggio, Paul J. 1988. “Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory.” Pp. 3-21 in Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, edited by Lynn G. Zucker. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  30. ------. 1991. “Constructing an Organizational Field as Professional Project.” Pp. 267-292 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  31. DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48: 147-160.
  32. Edelman, Lauren B. 1990. “Legal Environments and Organizational Governance: The
  33. Expansion of Due Process in the Workplace.” American Journal of Sociology 95: 1401-1440.
  34. ------. 1992. “Legal Ambiguity and Symbolic Structures: Organizational Mediation of Civil Rights Law.” American Journal of Sociology 97: 1531-1576.
  35. ------. 2016. Working Law: Courts, Corporations and Symbolic Civil Rights. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  36. Edelman, Lauren B. and Mark C. Suchman. 1999. “When the ‘Haves’ Hold Court: Speculations on the Organizational Internalization of Law.” Law & Society Review 33: 941- 991.
  37. Emirbayer, Mustafa and Anne Mische. 1998. “What is Agency?” American Journal of Sociology 103: 962-1023.
  38. Felstiner, William L. F. 1975. “Avoidance as Dispute Processing: An Elaboration.” Law & Society Review 9: 695-706.
  39. Filner, Judith, Melinda Ostermeyer, and Charles Bethel. 1995. Compendium of State Court Resource Materials. Washington D.C: National Institute for Dispute Resolution.
  40. Fisher, E. A. 1975. “Community Courts: An Alternative to Conventional Adjudication.” American University Law Review 24: 1253-1291.
  41. Fligstein, Neil. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  42. Fligstein, Neil, and Doug McAdam. 2012. A Theory of Fields. NY: Oxford University Press.
  43. Frank, John. 1969. American Law: The Case for Radical Reform. New York: Macmillan.
  44. Friedland, Roger and Robert R. Alford. 1991. “Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” Pp. 232-262 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  45. Frohock, Fred. 1994. Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Spiritual Communities, and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  46. Fuller, Lon. 1971. “Mediation – It's Forms and Functions.” Southern California Law Review 44: 305-339.
  47. Galanter, Mark. 1983. “Reading the Landscape of Disputes: What We Know and Don't Know (and Think We Know) About Our Allegedly Contentious and Litigious Society.” UCLA Law Review 31: 4-71.
  48. ------. 1984. “The Emergence of the Judge as Mediator in Civil Cases.” Working Papers 1984-85, Disputes Processing Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
  49. ------. 1985. “A Settlement Judge, Not a Trial Judge: Judicial Mediation in the United States.” Journal of Law and Society 12: 1-33.
  50. Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper.
  51. Goldberg, Stephen B., Eric D. Green, and Frank E. A. Sander, Eds. 1985. Dispute Resolution. Boston: Little Brown.
  52. Goldschmitt, Jona. 1994. “Bargaining in the Shadow of ADR: Judicial and Attorney Attitudes Toward Settlement Under a Medical Screening Panel System.” The Justice System Journal 16: 15-32.
  53. Gross, Peter, Ronald Hitzler, and Anne Honer. 1985. “Two Cultures? Changes in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Competence.” Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Sociologie 10: 146-162.
  54. Gulliver, P. H. 1979. Disputes and Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
  55. Gusfield, Joseph. 1963. Symbolic Crusade. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  56. Hallett, Tim. 2010. “The Myth Incarnate: Recoupling Processes, Turmoil, and Inhabited Institutions in an Urban Elementary School.” American Sociological Review 75: 52-74.
  57. Hallett, Tim and Marc J. Ventresca. 2006. “Inhabited Institutions: Social Interactions and Organizational Forms in Gouldner’s Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy.” Theory and Society 35: 213-236.
  58. Hannan, Michael T. and John Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  59. Harrington, Christine B. 1982. “Delegalization Reform Movements: A Historical Analysis.” Pp. 35-74 in The Politics of Informal Justice, Volume 1: The American Expericence, edited by Richard L. Abel. NY: Academic Press.
  60. ------. 1985. Shadow Justice: The Ideology and Institutionalization of Alternatives to Court. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  61. Harrington, Christine B. and Sally Engle Merry. 1988. “Ideological Production: The Making of Community Mediation.” Law & Society Review 22: 709-738.
  62. Hedeen, Timothy. 2003. “Institutionalizing Community Mediation: Can Dispute Resolution ‘of, by, and for the People’ Long Endure?” Penn State Law Review 108: 265-276.
  63. Heimer, Carol A. and Arthur L. Stinchcombe. 1999. “Remodeling the Garbage Can: Implications of the Causal Origins of Items in Decision Streams.” American Bar Foundation Working Paper #9805. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.
  64. Hensler, Deborah. 2003. “Our Courts, Ourselves: How the Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement Is Re-Shaping Our Legal System.” Penn State Law Review 108: 165-197.
  65. Hoffman, Andrew J. 2001. “Linking Organizational and Field-Level Analysis: The Diffusion of Corporate Environmental Practice.” Organization and Environment 14:133-56
  66. Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. NY: Basic Books.
  67. Jacob, Herbert. 1988. Silent Revolution: The Transformation of Divorce Law in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  68. Jeppers on, Ronald L. 1991. “Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism.” Pp. 143-163 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  69. Johnson, Earl, Valerie Kantor, and Elizabeth Schwartz. 1977. Outside the Courts: A Survey of Diversion Alternatives in Civil Cases. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.
  70. Kim, Hyojoung and Peter S. Bearman. 1997. “The Structure and Dynamics of Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 62: 70-93.
  71. Kleinman, Sherryl. 1996. Opposing Ambitions: Gender and Identity in an Alternative
  72. Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  73. Kuhn, Thomas. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Paradigms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  74. Larson, Magali Sarffati. 1977. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkley: University of California Press.
  75. Liberman, Jethro K. 1981. The Litigious Society. NY: Basic Books.
  76. Lounsbury, Michael. 2001. “Institutional Sources of Practice Variation: Staffing College and University Recycling Programs.” Administrative Science Quarterly 46: 29-56.
  77. Lowy, Michael J. 1973. “Modernizing the American Legal System: An Example of the Peaceful Use of Anthropology.” Human Organization 32: 205-209.
  78. Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University of Press.
  79. McEwen, Craig A., Lynn Mather, and Richard J. Maiman. 1984. “Lawyers, Mediation, and the Management of Divorce Practice.” Law & Society Review 28: 149-187.
  80. Rogers, Nancy Hardin and Craig A. McEwen. 1998. Supplement to Law, Policy, Practice (2nd edition). Minneapolis: West Publishing.
  81. McGillis, Daniel J. 1982. “Minor Dispute Processing: A Review of Recent Developments.” Pp. 60-77 in Neighborhood Justice: Assessment of an Emerging Idea, edited by Roman Tomasic and Malcolm M. Feeley. NY: Longman.
  82. McGillis, Daniel J. and Joan Mullen. 1977. Neighborhood Justice Centers: An Analysis of Potential Models. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
  83. McKinney, Bruce C., William D. Kimsey, and Rex M. Fuller. 1996. “Nationwide Survey of Mediation Centers.” Mediation Quarterly 14: 155-166.
  84. Meyer, John W., John Boli, and George Thomas. 1987. “Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account.” Pp. 12-37 in Institutional Structure, edited by George Thomas, et. al. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  85. Meyer, John W. and Brian Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83: 340-363.
  86. Milne, Ann and Jay Folberg. 1988. “The Theory and Practice of Divorce Mediation: An Overview.” Pp. 3-26 in Divorce Mediation: Theory and Practice, edited by Jay Folberg and Ann Milne. NY: Guilford Press.
  87. Morrill, Calvin. 1995. The Executive Way: Conflict Management in Corporations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  88. Morrill, Calvin and Cindy McKee. 1993. “Institutional Isomorphism and Informal Social Control: Evidence from a Community Mediation Center.” Social Problems 40: 445-463.
  89. Morrill, Calvin and Danielle Rudes. 2010. “Conflict Resolution in Organizations.” Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences 6: 627-651.
  90. Nader, Laura. 1980. No Access: Alternatives to the American Judicial System. NY: Academic Press.
  91. ------. 1987. “Harmony Models and Construction of Law.” Pp. 41-60 in Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca. NY: Greenwood Press.
  92. ------. 1990. Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in a Zapotec Mountain Village. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  93. ------. 1995. “Civilization and its Negotiations.” Pp. 39-64 in Understanding Disputes: The Politics of Argument, edited by Pat Caplan. Oxford, England: Berg.
  94. Nader, Laura and Harry F. Todd. 1978. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-40 in The Disputing Process - Law in Ten Societies, edited by Laura Nader and Harry F. Todd. NY: Columbia University Press.
  95. Packer, Herbert. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  96. Palumbo, Dennis J., Michael Musheno, and Michael Hallett. 1994. “The Political Construction of Alternative Dispute Resolution and Alternatives to Incarceration.” Evaluation and Program Planning 17: 197-203.
  97. Pipkin, Ronald and Janet Rifkin. 1984. “The Social Organization in Alternative Dispute Resolution: Implications for Professionalization of Mediation.” The Justice System Journal 9: 204-227.
  98. Powell, Walter W. 1991. “Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis.” Pp. 183-203 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  99. ------. 1996. “Fields of Practice: Connections Between Law and Organizations.” Law and Social Inquiry 22: 959-966.
  100. Powell, Walter W. and Kurt Sandholtz. 2012. “Chance, Nécessité, et Naiveté: Ingredients to Create a New Organizational Form.” Pp. 379-433 in The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, edited by John F. Padgett and Walter W. Powell. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  101. Ray, Larry. 1982a. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Bane or Boon to Attorneys? Washington D.C.: American Bar Association.
  102. ------. 1982b. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Who's in Charge of Mediation? Washington D.C.: American Bar Association.
  103. ------. 1982c. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mediation and the Law: Will Reason Prevail? Washington D.C.: American Bar Association.
  104. ------. 1983. Dispute Resolution Program Directory. Washington D.C.: American Bar
  105. Association.
  106. Salem, Richard A. 1985. “The Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement: An Overview.” The Arbitration Journal 40: 3-11.
  107. Sander, Frank E. A. 1976. “Varieties of Dispute Processing.” Federal Rules Decisions 70: 111-134.
  108. ------. 1984. “Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Law School Curriculum: Opportunities and Obstacles.” Journal of Legal Education 34: 229-246.
  109. Scimecca, Joseph A. 1991. “Conflict Resolution in the United States: The Emergence of a Profession?” Pp. 19-40 in Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by
  110. Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca. NY: Greenwood Press.
  111. Scott, W. Richard. 1991. “Unpacking Institutional Arguments.” Pp. 164-182 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  112. Scott, W. Richard, Martin Ruef, Peter J. Mendel, and Carol A. Caronna. 2000. Institutional Change and Healthcare Organizations: From Professional Dominance to Managed Care. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  113. Scull, Andrew. 1977. Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant - a Radical View. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  114. Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  115. Silbey, Susan and Austin Sarat. 1989. “Dispute Processing in Law and Legal Scholarship: From Institutional Critique to the Reconstruction of the Juridical Subject.” Denver University Law Review 66: 437-498.
  116. Snow, David A., E Burke Rochford, Jr, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986.
  117. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51: 464-481.
  118. Soysal, Yasemine Nuhoglu. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  119. Sperber, Dan. 1996. Explaining Culture. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
  120. Starr, Paul. 1982. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. NY: Basic Books.
  121. Suchman, Mark C. and Laurel B. Edelman. 1996. “Legal Rational Myths: The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition.” Law & Social Inquiry 21: 903-941.
  122. Sutton, John R. 1996. “Rethinking Social Control.” Law & Social Inquiry 21: 942-958.
  123. Sutton, John R., Frank Dobbin, John W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott. 1994. “The Legalization of the Workplace.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 944-971.
  124. Tolbert, Pamela S. and Lynn G. Zucker. 1983. “Institutional Sources of Change in the Femoral Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935.” Administrative Science Quarterly 28: 22-39.
  125. Tomasic, Roman. 1982. “Mediation as an Alternative to Adjudication: Rhetoric and Reality in the Neighborhood Justice Movement.” Pp. 215-248 in Neighborhood Justice: Assessment of an Emerging Idea, edited by Roman Tomasic and Malcolm M. Feeley. NY: Longman.
  126. Tomasic, Roman and Malcolm M. Feeley. 1982. “Introduction.” Pp. ix-xviii in Neighborhood Justice: Assessment of an Emerging Idea, edited by Roman Tomasic and Malcolm M. Feeley. New York: Longman.
  127. Wardwell, Walter I. 1994. “Alternative Medicine in the United States.” Social Science and Medicine 38: 1061-1068.
  128. Weil, Andrew. 1983. Health and Healing: Understanding Conventional and Alternative
  129. Medicine. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  130. Weitzman, Lenore. 1985. The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America. NY: Free Press.
  131. Wilensky, Harold. 1964. “The Professionalization of Everyone.” American Journal of Sociology 70: 137-158.
  132. Wuthnow, Robert. 1987. Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  133. Zald, Mayer N. 1992. “Looking Backward to Look Forward: Reflections on the Past and Future of the Resource Mobilization Research Program.” Pp. 326-348 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.